![]() The two most common types of monetary relief are compensatory and punitive damages.Ĭompensatory damages are intended to compensate the plaintiff for an injury or loss. Unlike TROs, there is no limitation on the duration of a preliminary injunction. If the plaintiff is successful at trial, a permanent injunction is issued. The preliminary injunction (sometimes informally called a temporary injunction) stays in effect until a hearing can be held, or sometimes until after a trial. A preliminary injunction is similar to a TRO, except that the adverse party must receive notice before the preliminary injunction is issued. A TRO can last no more than 14 days and is meant to preserve the status quo until there is a hearing on the moving party’s application for a preliminary injunction. In emergencies, a temporary restraining order (TRO) can be issued without notifying the adverse party of the lawsuit. A court order requires the defendant to do a specific act or prohibits a defendant from doing a specific act. The court determines the rights of parties without ordering that anything be done or awarding monetary damages. There are three principal forms of relief that a jury or judge can provide: The complaint states the claim that the plaintiff is making – why the plaintiff believes he or she is entitled to relief. In cases based on diversity of citizenship (when the plaintiff and defendant are residents of different states), the lawsuit may be filed in the jurisdiction where the plaintiff or the defendant resides. Generally, a lawsuit must be filed in the jurisdiction where the defendant resides or where the claim arose. government – including its agencies – as a plaintiff or defendantĪ plaintiff must inform defendants about a complaint filed against them. Questions of federal law (as opposed to state law)Ī dispute among residents of different states with an amount in controversy of more than $75,000 Read more background on civil cases.įederal courts are authorized to hear only civil cases that involve one or more of the following: Allegations involve violations of civil laws and the Constitution, not criminal laws.Įxcept as noted in Sealed Documents and Closed Hearings, the complaint and virtually all related filings in civil cases are available through PACER. The plaintiff can be an individual, organization, business, or governmental body. They begin when a plaintiff – the party seeking relief from an alleged wrong – files a complaint.
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